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The Highland Clearances ((スコットランド・ゲール語:Fuadach nan Gàidheal), the "eviction of the Gael") was the forced displacement during the 18th and 19th centuries of a significant number of people from traditional land tenancies in the Scottish Highlands, where they had practised small-scale agriculture. It resulted from enclosures of common lands and a change from farming to sheep raising, an agricultural revolution largely carried out by hereditary aristocratic landowners. The Clearances were a complex series of events occurring over a period of more than a hundred years.〔 〕 A Highland Clearance has been defined as "an enforced simultaneous eviction of all families living in a given area such as an entire glen".〔Watson, A. and Allan, E., "Depopulation by clearances and non-enforced emigration in the north-east Highlands", ''(Northern Scotland )'' 10 (1990), Edinburgh University Press〕 The Clearances are particularly notorious as a result of the brutality of many evictions at short notice (year-by-year tenants had almost no protection under Scots law), and the abruptness of the change from the traditional clan system, in which reciprocal obligations between the population and their leaders were well recognised. The cumulative effect of the Clearances, and the large-scale "voluntary" emigrations over the same period, devastated the cultural landscape of Scotland in a way that did not happen in other areas of Britain; the effect of the Clearances was to destroy much of the Gaelic culture.〔G. Dawson and S. Farber, ''Forcible Displacement Throughout the Ages: Towards an International Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Forcible Displacement'' (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2012), ISBN 9004220542, p. 31.〕 The Clearances resulted in significant emigration of Highlanders to the coast, the Scottish Lowlands, and further afield to North America and Australasia. In the early 21st century, more descendants of Highlanders are found in these diaspora destinations than in Scotland. ==Economic and social background== The enclosures in rural England in the British Agricultural Revolution started much earlier, during the Tudor period. Similar developments in Scotland have lately been called the Lowland Clearances by historians such as Tom Devine.〔Houston, Robert, Allan Whyte, Ian D., ''Scottish Society, 1500-1800'', Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-521-89167-1, pp. 148-151.〕 But in the Highlands, the impact on a Goidelic (Scottish Gaelic)-speaking semi-feudal culture, which had included the fulfilment of obligations of a chief to his clan, led to vocal campaigning against the actions. There has been a lingering bitterness among the descendants of those forced to emigrate or to remain in crofting townships on very small areas of poor farming land. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「highland clearances」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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